تاریخچه سنگبری در ایران

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تاریخچه سنگبری در ایران

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در ایران سنگ تراشی به قرن ها قبل از میلاد مسیح برمی گردد، از جایی که انسان ها برای تهیه لوازم شکار حیوانات و درست کردن وسایل اولیه زندگی، سنگ را می تراشیدند. طبق اسناد یافت شده، بازیافته های باستانی از جمله اشیایی که از حفاری های تپه یحیی واقع در کرمان به دست آمده نمایانگر آن است که تاریخچه سنگبری در ایران به ۴۵۰۰ سال قبل از میلاد می رسد.

بنابر شواهد موجود، ایرانیان قدیم از انواع روش های برش سنگ و تراشیدن آن برای ساخت وسایل کشاورزی و ابزار آلات شکار و کندن پوست حیوانات استفاده می کرده اند. یکی دیگر از شواهد این موضوع، لوازم سنگی به دست آمده از غار مسکونی هوتو در نزدیکی بهشهر می باشد که متعلق به حدودا ۸۰۰۰ تا ۱۱۰۰۰ سال قبل از میلاد مسیح است.

این نمایانگر آن است که در آن زمان از تراشیدن سنگ سبز در کرمان، لوازم و اشیا مصرفی خود را می ساختند. در حال حاضر هنوز هم این نوع از سنگ در کرمان استخراج می شود. در این مقاله به بررسی تاریخچه سنگ تراشی در ایران و همچنین انواع ابزار آلاتی که از گذشته تا کنون برای تراش سنگ استفاده می شده و انواع جدید این ابزارآلات می پردازیم.

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کاربرد سنگ تراشی در ایران

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در کل دنیا ذخیره سنگ‌های تزئینی حدودا به ۱۵ میلیارد تن می‌رسد که شامل سنگ های تراورتن‌، گرانیت، مرمریت و مرمر است. کشور ایران در تنوع رنگ و کیفیت سنگ‌های تولیدی با ۷/۴ میلیون تن ذخیره در جایگاه اول دنیا قرار دارد. کشور ما براساس رتبه‌بندی از نظر ذخایر سنگ‌های تزئینی، رتبه چهارم جهان را داراست. به دلیل تاثیری که معادن سنگ در رشد اقتصادی کشورمان دارند، بسیار مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. از این رو، تلاش برای رفع موانع پیش رو امری بسیار ضروری است.

در ساختمان سازی ابتدا از بلوک های سنگی بزرگ و بسیار سنگین و نامنظم استفاده میشد و با پیشرفت علم و فناوری، به تدریج وزن این بلوکها کاهش یافت و به رنگ، صیقل پذیری و استحکام سنگ توجه بیشتری شد تا آنجا که اکنون بیشتر از پلاک های سنگی زیبا که رنگ و صیقل و جلا داده شده اند با با برش های باریکتر استفاده می شود.

به تاریخچه سنگبری در ایران که نگاه می کنیم، سنگ تراشی در ساخت بناهای تاریخی و آثار باستانی نقش اساسی داشته است. از جمله مهم ترین و زیباترین این بناهای تاریخی می توان کاخ با شکوه تخت جمشید مربوط به دوره هخامنشی و حجاری های زیبا و ظریف مربوط به دوره ساسانی را نام برد.

بعدها به مرور و با پیشرفت تکنولوژی، از سنگ تراشی برای مصارف بیشتر در صنعت ساختمان سازی، پل سازی، راه سازی استفاده شد.

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آغاز عصر مدرن دستگاه سنگ تراشی

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سال ۱۳۱۲ گلد اشمیت از شرکت اشکودا برای احداث ساختمان بزرگ بانک ملی و همچنین ساخت بنای دادگستری دستگاه سنگبری جدیدتری را در بازار تهران راه اندازی نمود. سرانجام در سال ۱۳۱۷ آستان قدس رضوی به منظور ساخت بنای سنگی حرم مطهر امام رضا (ع) نخستین کارخانه سنگبری ایران را توسط کارشناسان آلمانی در مشهد تاسیس نمود و سنگ های بنای بانک مرکزی و تهران و بانک سپه و همچنین سنگ های نفیس کاخ مرمر نیز داخل این کارخانه تولید شدند.
دستگاه قله بُر کارخانه مشهد دارای تیغه های آهنی بود که با پودر و سیلیس کار می کرد و ۴۰ تیغه فولادی داشت که با فاصله ۳ تا ۵ سانتی متر توسط یک بازو حرکت می کردند و از بالای تیغه ها مرتباً روی تیغه ها و سنگ آب پاشیده میشد و کارگران روی سنگ، پودر سیلیس می پاشیدند تا این پودر در بین تیغه فولادی و سنگ قرار گیرد و با فشار تیغه ها بر روی سنگ، عمل برش انجام شود.
سال ۱۳۲۰ در منطقه جوادیه تهران، شرکت اشکودا و شرکای ایرانی آن یک کارخانه سنگبری تاسیس کردند و کارخانه نازی آباد هم گسترش پیدا کرد و تعداد اره های سنگبری آن را به یازده دستگاه افزایش دادند در آن زمان بود که سنگ های حرم حضرت علی در نجف اشرف و حرم امام حسین (ع) در کربلا توسط این دستگاه ها تراشیده شد. در سال ۱۳۴۵ بزرگترین تحول در صنعت سنگبری ایران زمانی اتفاق افتاد که جرثقیل دروازه ای و اَره سنگبری با تیغه های الماسی نصب شد و استخراج سنگ به صورت انبوه شروع شد و بدین ترتیب تعداد سنگبری ها در تهران و شهرهای بزرگ دیگر افزایش پیدا کرد.
عملیات کشف و استخراج، حمل و برش و سابیدن سنگ که در زمان های قدیم به روش سنتی و دستی در ایران انجام می شد، در سال های اخیر بسیار پیشرفت کرده است. کارخانه های سنگبری و سنگ تراشی یا از دستگاه ها و ماشین آلات ساخت ایران استفاده میکنند که کیفیت قابل قبولی دارد یا از ماشین آلات وارداتی و دستگاه سنگبری جدید و مدرن. روش استخراج سنگ ها بدون انفجار و با استفاده از ماشین های بزرگ و سنگین یکی از پیشرفت های بزرگ در صنعت سنگبری ایران بوده است.

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هم اکنون تماس بگیرید

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مشاورین و کارشناسان ما آماده پاسخگویی به تمام سوالات شما عزیزان هستند

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انواع کارخانجات سنگبری در ایران

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دسته اول: کارخانجات سنگبری هستند که سنگ های تولید شده توسط آن ها در مصارف داخلی استفاده می شود و مجهز به دستگاه قُله بُر و دستگاه سایش و طولی بُر هستند و غالبا سنگ ها را بصورت طولی برش می زنند.

دسته دوم: سنگبری هایی هستند که برای صادرات سنگ مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند و دارای مجهزترین دستگاه ها می باشند. در این روش، سنگ ها به وسیله دستگاه برش اره ای و اسلب ساب، به صورت اسلب برش می خورند.

اکثر کارخانجات سنگبری کشور در استان های تهران، اصفهان، قم، مرکزی، فارس و لرستان فعالیت می کنند. اکنون بیشتر از ۶۰۰۰ واحد سنگبری در کشور مشغول به کار هستند که از میان آنها بیشتر از ۶۵۰۰ کارخانه از ماشین‌آلات مدرن و مجهز به فناوری روز استفاده می‌کنند و این بدین معنی است که این کارخانه‌ها هر سال برای تبدیل ۲۵ میلیون تن سنگ خام به سنگ فرآوری شده ظرفیت بالقوه‌ای دارند.

در حال حاضر سالانه ۲ میلیون تن سنگ صادر و حدودا ۸ میلیون تن سنگ به بازار داخلی عرضه می شود. ولی با این وجود هنوز ۱۵ میلیون تن تا ظرفیت برآورد شده فاصله داریم.

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انواع روش های سنگ بری

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انواع دستگاه های مورد استفاده در سنگ بری عبارت اند از:

• دستگاه های سنگبری قابل حمل (سیار)
• دستگاه سنگبری ثابت

  دستگاه های سنگبری قابل حمل (سیار)

یکی از روش های برش سنگ که برشکاران جهت افزایش سرعت برش و همینطور انجام کار در مدت زمان کوتاهتر از آن استفاده میکنند، دستگاه های برش سیار است. وزن دستگاه‌های سنگبری قابل حمل نسبتاً کم است، برای همین خیلی راحت به محل حمل می شوند و در دو مدل دستی و نیمه اتومات ساخته می شوند.

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دستگاه سنگبری ثابت

دستگاه سنگبری ثابت (کارگاهی) هم از نوع ثابت و هم نیمه اتوماتیک، فک متحرک گیربکسی و یا دستی دارد و تیغه و محافظ تیغه و موتور روی آن سوار شده اند.

شاید شما بدانید که دستگاه سنگبری دستی چیست؟ اغلب ما می دانیم که از دستگاه کارگاهی یا دستی برای انجام کارهای سنگین و همچنین کارگاهی استفاده می شود. این دستگاه ها وزنشان نسبت به دستگاه های سیار بیشتر است، اما در برش‌های پی در پی عملکرد بسیار بالایی داشته و قابلیت تنظیم دور موتور و حرکت اتوماتیک کلگی دستگاه را هم دارند. با اکثر دستگاه‌های برش کارگاهی می توان برش زاویه ای انجام داد. در مدل دستگاه سنگبری دستی، حرکت کلگی دستگاه توسط فرد اپراتور و در دستگاه‌های نیمه اتومات توسط گیربکس انجام می‌شود. وزن دستگاه دستی کمتر از وزن مدل نیمه اتومات است و توسط دستگیره های تعبیه شده روی دستگاه، می توان راحت آن را جابجا کرد. دستگاه سنگبری دستی، شامل میز گونیا و محافظ تیغه نیز هست و همچنین قابلیت برش فارسی (تحت زاویه) دارد. همچنین می تواند برای برش و تراش انواع سنگ های گرانیت، تراورتن، مرمریت و سرامیک پرسلین و انواع دیگر کاشی ها را نیز مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

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نتیجه گیری تاریخچه دستگاه سنگبری در ایران

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دستگاه های سنگبری تاریخچه ای طولانی و انواع مختلفی دارند و دارای کاربردهای متنوعی می باشند. از جمله  برش سنگ های نمای ساختمان، برش سنگ راه پله ساختمان، برش سنگ های کف ساختمان و خیابان، برش انواع لوح و سنگ های زینتی و استفاده از آن ها مزایای بسیار زیادی دارد از جمله اینکه سرعت برش را بسیار بالا می برد، برش بسیاردقیق و منظم مطابق با ابعاد داده شده انجام می شود، مصالح سنگی، کمتر به هدر می روند، قابلیت فارسی بُری مثلا برای گوشه دیوار ها، با استفاده از آب روی سنگ و تیغه در حین برش، آلودگی کمتری در فضا پخش می شود.

درنهایت فاکتورها و نکات مهم و مختلفی بر انتخاب دستگاه برش سنگ تاثیر گذار هستند. از جمله مهم ترین این فاکتورها برای انتخاب بهترین دستگاه های سنگبری ایرانی؛ توجه به اینکه حجم و ابعاد پروژه و متراژ سنگِ نما و راه پله چقدر است، و از همه مهم تر نوع سنگ مورد استفاده در انتخاب دستگاه مناسب بسیار تاثیر گذار است.

با توجه به تاریخچه سنگبری در ایران در استفاده از ابزار آلات برش و سنگ تراشی و خلق آثار زیبایی چون بنای سنگی تخت جمشید و سنگ نگاره های ساسانی و دیگر بناهای باشکوهی که از تراش ظریف سنگ به وجود آمده، توجه به این هنر و صنعت غنی و رفع مشکلات آن در زمینه استخراج و تهیه وسایل مدرن، بسیار حائز اهمیت است.

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